参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4911365.html
python 与 C的区别:python编译成字节码,c是直接编成机器码
外层变量，可以被内层变量使用
对PYTHON来说,内层变量，无法被外层变量使用
#只要在内存里存在,则就能使用 (栈)
三元运算
name =‘alex‘
if 1==1:
name = ‘sb‘
else
name =‘2b‘
name =值
name = 值1 if 条件 else 值2
name = ‘sb‘ if 1==1 else ‘2b‘
#用户输入内容,如果用户输入Alex
#用户输入,得到值
#运算,得结果:如果用户输入Alex,‘sb‘:否则,好人
如下:
#!/usr/bin/python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
input = raw_input(‘输入:‘)
result = ‘sb‘ if input == ‘alex‘ else ‘好人‘
使用pycharm
1.创建project
2.配置解释器
3.创建文件
4.执行:
run
断点(debug)
查看类有哪些功能
dir(list) ==>功能列表
help(list) ==>功能的详细说明
一切事务都是对象,对象基于类创建
1.type查看对象的类型
2.dir(类型名) 查看类中提供的所有功能
3.help(类型名) 查看类中所有详细的功能
4.help(类型名,功能名) 查看类中某功能的详细
类中的方法:
dir(list)
‘__add__‘, ‘__class__‘, 内置方法
append,count ,不是内置方法,它只有一种执行方式(对象.非执行方法),一种表现方式
__就去__:内置方法,可能有多种执行方法,至少一种
举例:
>>> help(int.__add__)
Help on wrapper_descriptor:
__add__(...)
x.__add__(y) <==> x+y
>>> 1+1
2
>>> n1 = 1
>>> n2 = 2
>>> n1.__and__(n2)
0
>>> ni
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name ‘ni‘ is not defined
>>> n1
1
>>> n2
2
>>> n1.__add__(n2)
3
>>> n1 = -9
>>> n1.__abs__()
9
>>> abs(-9)
9
创建数字的两种方法
n1 = 10
int (10)
方法:只有一种执行方法,对象.方法
def __floordiv__(self, y):
==>地板除,不保留小数
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
例如:>>> age.__format__(‘10‘)
‘ 19‘
def __hash__(self):
"""如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。
两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __hex__(self):
""" 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
pass
例如:>>> hex(10)
‘0xa‘
def __index__(self):
""" 用于切片，数字无意义 """
""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
""" 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self):
""" 转换为整数 """
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __invert__(self):
取反
""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
pass
def __long__(self):
""" 转换为长整数 """
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lshift__(self, y):
往左移,位运算
""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
取余
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y):
取积
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self):
取
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __nonzero__(self):
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __oct__(self):
""" 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
pass
def __or__(self, y):
""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
pass
def __pos__(self):
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
""" 幂，次方 """
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y):
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rand__(self, y):
""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self):
"""转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __str__(self):
"""转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __ror__(self, y):
""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
pass
def __rshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __rxor__(self, y):
""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
pass
def __sub__(self, y):
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
pass
def __xor__(self, y):
""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分母 = 1 """
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
====================
几种表现方式,创建方式
divmod必须要会的,分页要有到
一个对象为什么要切片,因为里面有index
有什么区别:repr str 这两个方法
============================================
字符串
创建字符串:strl = ‘alex‘
strl = str(‘alex‘)
class str(basestring):
"""
str(object=‘‘) -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
"""
def capitalize(self):
""" 首字母变大写 """
"""
S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized.
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name = ‘alex‘
>>> name.capitalize()
‘Alex‘
def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
"""
S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name.center(20)
‘ alex ‘
>>> name.center(20,‘*‘)
‘********alex********‘
def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列个数 """
"""
S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation.
"""
return 0
例如:
>>> name = ‘sakjihfkhgoewesfjgldsk‘
>>> name.count(‘s‘)
3
>>> name.count(‘s‘,2,10)
0
>>> name[0:5]
‘sakji‘
>>> name.count(‘s‘,0,5)
1
def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
编码用encode
解码用decode
""" 解码 """
"""
S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘ and ‘replace‘
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
"""
return object()
def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
""" 编码，针对unicode """
"""
S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘, ‘replace‘ and
‘xmlcharrefreplace‘ as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
"""
return object()
例如:
>>> "无"
‘xcexde‘
>>> strl = ‘xcexde‘
>>> print strl
无
>>> strl.decode(‘unicode‘)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
LookupError: unknown encoding: unicode
>>> strl.decode(‘gbk‘)
u‘u65e0‘
>>> strl.decode(‘gbk‘).encode(‘utf-8)
File "<stdin>", line 1
strl.decode(‘gbk‘).encode(‘utf-8)
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> strl.decode(‘gbk‘).encode(‘utf-8‘)
‘xe6x97xa0‘
>>> print strl.decode(‘gbk‘).encode(‘utf-8‘)
鏃
def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否以 xxx 结束 """
"""
S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
""" 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
"""
S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name = ‘ale x‘
>>> name.expandtabs()
‘ale x‘
>>> name.expandtabs(4)
‘ale x‘
>>> name.expandtabs(2)
‘ale x‘
def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """
"""
S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
例如:
>>> name = ‘alex‘
>>> name.find(‘x‘)
3
>>> name.find(‘lx‘)
-1
>>> name.find(‘ex‘)
2
>>> name.find(‘l‘,1,3)
1
>>> name = ‘alexa‘
>>> name.find(‘a‘)
0
def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
""" 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
"""
S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces (‘{‘ and ‘}‘).
"""
pass
例如:
>>> name = "m {ss},age {dd}" ==>定制化,参数名
>>> name.format(ss=‘alex‘,dd=29)
‘m alex,age 29‘
>>> li = [22222,33333]
>>> name = ‘i m {0},age {1}‘
>>> name.format(*li) ==>列表是加一个*
变异后:
‘i m 22222,age 33333‘
>>> name = "m {0},age {1}" ==>占位符用大括号
>>> name.format(‘alex‘,29)
‘m alex,age 29‘
>>>
def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1 """
S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
index与find区别:一个找不到返回-1,一个找不到返回错误
def isalnum(self):
""" 是否是字母和数字 """
"""
S.isalnum() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isalpha(self):
""" 是否是字母 "
""
"""
S.isalpha() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isdigit(self):
""" 是否是数字 """
"""
S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def islower(self):
""" 是否小写 """
"""
S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def isspace(self):
"""是否是空格‘‘‘‘‘‘
S.isspace() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def istitle(self):
"""是否是标题"""
S.istitle() -> bool
Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.
"""
return False
def isupper(self):
"""是否大写"""
S.isupper() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False
def join(self, iterable):
""" 连接 """
"""
S.join(iterable) -> string
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S.
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> li = [‘s1‘,‘s2‘]
>>> ‘_‘.join(li)
‘s1_s2‘
def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
"""
S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name.ljust(30,‘=‘)
‘alex sb=======================‘
>>> name.rjust(30,‘=‘)
‘=======================alex sb‘
def lower(self):
""" 变小写 """
"""
S.lower() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name.lower()
‘alex sb‘
>>> name.upper()
‘ALEX SB‘
def lstrip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除左侧空白 """
"""
S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def partition(self, sep):
""" 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
"""
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings.
"""
pass
def replace(self, old, new, count=None): 找到所有进行替换
""" 替换 """
"""
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
"""
return ""
def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""从右开始找"""
S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0
def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""和find一样"""
S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0
def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
"""右填充"""
S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return ""
def rpartition(self, sep):
"""
S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
"""
pass
def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
"""右分割开"""
S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator.
"""
return []
def rstrip(self, chars=None):
"""
S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
""" 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
"""
S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
from the result.
"""
return []
def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
""" 根据换行分割 """
"""
S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true.
"""
return []
d
ef startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否起始 """
"""
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False
def strip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除两段空白 """
"""
S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return ""
def swapcase(self):
""" 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
"""
S.swapcase() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa.
"""
return ""
例如:
>>> name = ‘Alex Sb‘
>>> name.swapcase()
‘aLEX sB‘
def title(self):
"""
S.title() -> string
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
"""
return ""
def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
"""
转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
intab = "aeiou"
outtab = "12345"
trantab = string.maketrans(intab, outtab)
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print str.translate(trantab, ‘xm‘)
"""
"""
S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
"""
return ""
def upper(self):
"""
S.upper() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
"""
return ""
def zfill(self, width):
"""方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
"""
S.zfill(width) -> string
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
"""
return ""
def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __contains__(self, y):
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass
def __eq__(self, y):
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __format__(self, format_spec):
"""
S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
"""
return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y):
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getslice__(self, i, j):
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass
def __ge__(self, y):
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y):
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __hash__(self):
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __init__(self, string=‘‘): # known special case of str.__init__
"""
str(object=‘‘) -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __len__(self):
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y):
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __lt__(self, y):
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, n):
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y):
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __repr__(self):
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, n):
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass
def __sizeof__(self):
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self):
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
str
================================================
列表
class list(object):
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable‘s items
"""
def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.append(object) -- append object to end """
pass
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ ==>出现这个值的次数
return 0
例如:
>>> li = [11,11,11,2,44,77,33]
>>> li.count(11)
3
def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
pass
例如:
>>> li.extend(‘wupeiqi‘,‘alex‘)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> li
[11, 11, 11, 2, 44, 77, 33]
>>> li.extend([‘wupeiqi‘,‘alex‘])
>>> li
[11, 11, 11, 2, 44, 77, 33, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘]
>>> id(li)
35468552
>>> li.extend([‘wupeiqi‘,‘alex‘])
>>> li
[11, 11, 11, 2, 44, 77, 33, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘]
>>> id(li)
35468552
>>> li.extend(li)
>>> li
[11, 11, 11, 2, 44, 77, 33, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘, 11, 11, 11, 2,
44, 77, 33, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘, ‘wupeiqi‘, ‘alex‘]
>>>
def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0
def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.ins
ert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
pass
def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""删除并返回指定下标的值,如果没有制定下标,返回异常"""
L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
"""
pass
def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""移除时,输入值 """
L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
pass
def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """反转"""
pass
def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""排序"""中文用Unicode比较.数字按大小比,字母按anai比较
L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
"""
pass
def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
元祖只保证元祖的元素不被修改,元祖的元素的元素可以被修改
==========================================
字典
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object‘s
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
"""
def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 清除内容 """
""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
pass
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 浅拷贝 """
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
pass
@staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
v defaults to None.
"""
pass
def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
pass
例如:
>>> dic ={‘k1‘:1234}
>>> dic.get(k1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name ‘k1‘ is not defined
>>> dic.get(‘k1‘)
1234
>>> dic.get(‘k1‘,‘ok‘)
1234
>>> dic.get(‘k2‘,‘ok‘) ==>如果字典没有K2值,我们可以指定返回的值.不指定返回空值
‘ok‘
>>>
def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 是否有key """
""" D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False
def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项的列表形式 """
""" D.items() -> list of D‘s (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
return []
def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 项可迭代 """
""" D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
pass
def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" key可迭代 """
""" D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
pass
def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" value可迭代 """
""" D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
pass
def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的key列表 """
""" D.keys() -> list of D‘s keys """
return []
def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
"""
pass
def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
"""
pass
def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
pass
def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
""" 更新
{‘name‘:‘alex‘, ‘age‘: 18000}
[(‘name‘,‘sbsbsb‘),]
"""
"""
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
"""
pass
def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的值 """
""" D.values() -> list of D‘s values """
return []
def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
""" D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D‘s items """
pass
def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D‘s keys """
pass
def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D‘s values """
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass
def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False
def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
pass
def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object‘s
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass
def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
pass
__hash__ = None
dict
for k in b :print k,b(k)
深度COPY
import copy
e = copy.deepcopy(c)
set集合是无序的,去重,运算(交集,差集)
a&b 取交集
a^b 取交集以外的
a|b 取全集
c -d c有d没有
d -c d有c没有
d.update(10)
e是d的子集吗
e.issubset(d)
原文：http://www.cnblogs.com/miaoxg/p/4928998.html
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