基础命令:
51.mkfs:用于格式化磁盘。例如:格式化/dev/sdb1
mkfs.ext4 /de/sdb1
mkfs.ext3 /de/sdb1
mkfs.xfs /de/sdb1
mkfs.vfat /de/sdb1
1 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 2 meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65472 blks
3 = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
4 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
5 data = bsize=4096 blocks=261888, imaxpct=25
6 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
7 naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
8 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=855, version=2
9 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
10 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
1112 [root@localhost /]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb113 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
14 Filesystem label=
15OS type: Linux
16 Block size=4096 (log=2)
17 Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
18 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
19 65536 inodes, 261888 blocks
20 13094 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
21 First data block=0
22 Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456
23 8 block groups
24 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
25 8192 inodes per group
26Superblock backups stored on blocks:
27 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
2829Allocating group tables: done
30Writing inode tables: done
31 Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
32 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
3334 [root@localhost /]#
52.mkswap和swapon
mkswap：用于创建交换分区
swapon：用户挂载交换分区
例如：
1 [root@localhost /]# mkswap /dev/sdb1 2 mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: wiping old ext4 signature.
3 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1047548 KiB
4 no label, UUID=8392318c-5956-492a-96c0-f98f484bd1ef
5 [root@localhost /]# 6 [root@localhost /]# swapon /dev/sdb1 7 [root@localhost /]# lsblk 8NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
9 sda 8:0 0 8G 0 disk
10 ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
11 └─sda2 8:2 0 7G 0 part
12 ├─cl-root 253:0 0 6.2G 0 lvm /
13 └─cl-swap 253:1 0 820M 0 lvm [SWAP]
14 sdb 8:16 0 1G 0 disk
15 └─sdb1 8:17 0 1023M 0 part [SWAP]
16 sr0 11:0 1 4G 0 rom /var/www/html/iso
17 [root@localhost /]#
53.ifconfig：用于查看激活的网卡信息
如果没有ifconfig命令，可以安装net-tools包就有了。
ifup：激活一块网卡
ifdown：停用一块网卡
ifconfig [网卡名] [IP/Netmask] ：临时配置一个IP
1 [root@localhost ~]# ifconfig 2 ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
3 inet 192.168.119.129 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.119.255
4 inet6 fe80::d060:4681:d1fd:8d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
5 ether 00:0c:29:c3:86:17 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
6 RX packets 311 bytes 90725 (88.5 KiB)
7 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
8 TX packets 222 bytes 32237 (31.4 KiB)
9 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
1011 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
12 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
13 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
14 loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
15 RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
16 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
17 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
18 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
1920 virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
21 inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
22 ether 52:54:00:67:b1:2a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
23 RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
24 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
25 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
26 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
54.网卡配置文件：/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-XXXX ：ifcfg-XX开头的网卡对应名称文件。可更改配置文件然后重启网络服务生效配置。
如果网卡没有下列条目，可以手动添加至文件中。
TYPE：类型
BOOTPROTO：网卡工作模式（静态or动态）
IPADDR：IP地址
NETMASK：子网掩码
ONBOOT：服务启动时，是否启动网卡
DNS1：主DNS地址
DNS2：副DNS地址
GATEWAY：网关地址
55.nmcli：使用命令配置网卡信息。此种方式相较于上面的命令复杂但是管理很方便。推荐新手使用上面的两种方式。
nmcli中connection指的是一种逻辑上的网卡。device指的是真实的物理设备。connection和device绑定起来就相当于给某个device配置上网络信息。
nmcli connection show：显示连接信息
1 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show2NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
3 ens33 97218e89-b4d0-49a8-a37a-ac86d833c081 802-3-ethernet ens33
4 virbr0 d3bbdc43-cead-4a09-811f-8c0661350ad8 bridge virbr0
5 [root@localhost ~]#
nmcli device show：显示设备信息
1 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli device show 2GENERAL.DEVICE: virbr0
3GENERAL.TYPE: bridge
4 GENERAL.HWADDR: 52:54:00:67:B1:2A
5 GENERAL.MTU: 1500
6 GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected)
7GENERAL.CONNECTION: virbr0
8 GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1
9 IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.122.1/24
10IP4.GATEWAY:
11IP6.GATEWAY:
1213GENERAL.DEVICE: ens33
14GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet
15 GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:0C:29:C3:86:17
16 GENERAL.MTU: 1500
17 GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected)
18GENERAL.CONNECTION: ens33
19 GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/0
20 WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on
21 IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 192.168.119.129/24
22IP4.GATEWAY:
23 IP4.DNS[1]: 192.168.119.1
24 IP4.DOMAIN[1]: localdomain
25 IP6.ADDRESS[1]: fe80::d060:4681:d1fd:8d0/64
26IP6.GATEWAY:
2728GENERAL.DEVICE: lo
29GENERAL.TYPE: loopback
30 GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00
31 GENERAL.MTU: 65536
32 GENERAL.STATE: 10 (unmanaged)
33 GENERAL.CONNECTION: --
34 GENERAL.CON-PATH: --
35 IP4.ADDRESS[1]: 127.0.0.1/8
36IP4.GATEWAY:
37 IP6.ADDRESS[1]: ::1/128
38 IP6.GATEWAY:
nmcli connection [up|down|reload] [连接名]：来启用、关闭、重载某个连接
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection showNAME UUID TYPE DEVICE eth1 8d601dba-ddb1-433f-8934-8f79cf9d8c67 802-3-ethernet ens33 ens33 97218e89-b4d0-49a8-a37a-ac86d833c081 802-3-ethernet -- [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection down eth1 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection showNAME UUID TYPE DEVICE ens33 97218e89-b4d0-49a8-a37a-ac86d833c081 802-3-ethernet ens33 eth1 8d601dba-ddb1-433f-8934-8f79cf9d8c67 802-3-ethernet -- [root@localhost ~]#
nmcli connection add con-name [连接名] type [连接类型] ifname [设备名]：添加一个连接并绑定设备
1 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection add con-name eth1 type ethernet ifname ens33 2 Connection ‘eth1‘ (8d601dba-ddb1-433f-8934-8f79cf9d8c67) successfully added.
3 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show4NAME UUID TYPE DEVICE
5 ens33 97218e89-b4d0-49a8-a37a-ac86d833c081 802-3-ethernet ens33
6 eth1 8d601dba-ddb1-433f-8934-8f79cf9d8c67 802-3-ethernet -- //ens33设备目前绑定在 ens33连接上，所以 eth1 的DEVICE信息为“--”。
7 [root@localhost ~]#
nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.addresses "192.168.119.130/24" ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114 ipv4.method manual connection.autoconnect yes
//上面的命令是为 eth1 配置 IP地址：192.168.119.130/24 网关：192.168.1.1 DSN地址：114.114.114.114 地址为静态地址并设置为开机自动启动。
nmcli connection modify [连接名] ipv4.addresses "[IP地址/掩码]" ipv4.gateway [网关地址] ipv4.dns [DNS地址] ipv4.method [模式] connection.autoconnect yes[开机自启]
1 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.addresses "192.168.119.130/24" ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1 ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114 ipv4.method manual connection.autoconnect yes 2 3 [root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show eth1 4connection.id: eth1
5 connection.uuid: 8d601dba-ddb1-433f-8934-8f79cf9d8c67
6 connection.stable-id: --
7 connection.interface-name: ens33
8 connection.type: 802-3-ethernet
9connection.autoconnect: yes
10 connection.autoconnect-priority: 0
11 connection.timestamp: 1496156248
12 connection.read-only: no
13connection.permissions:
14 connection.zone: --
15 connection.master: --
16 connection.slave-type: --
17 connection.autoconnect-slaves: -1 (default)
18connection.secondaries:
19 connection.gateway-ping-timeout: 0
20connection.metered: unknown
21 connection.lldp: -1 (default)
22 802-3-ethernet.port: --
23 802-3-ethernet.speed: 0
24 802-3-ethernet.duplex: --
25 802-3-ethernet.auto-negotiate: yes
26 802-3-ethernet.mac-address: --
27 802-3-ethernet.cloned-mac-address: --
28 802-3-ethernet.generate-mac-address-mask:--
29 802-3-ethernet.mac-address-blacklist:
30 802-3-ethernet.mtu: auto
31 802-3-ethernet.s390-subchannels:
32 802-3-ethernet.s390-nettype: --
33 802-3-ethernet.s390-options:
34 802-3-ethernet.wake-on-lan: 1 (default)
35 802-3-ethernet.wake-on-lan-password: --
36ipv4.method: manual
37 ipv4.dns: 114.114.114.114
38 ipv4.dns-search:
39 ipv4.dns-options: (default)
40 ipv4.dns-priority: 0
41 ipv4.addresses: 192.168.119.130/24
42 ipv4.gateway: 192.168.1.1
43ipv4.routes:
44 ipv4.route-metric: -1
45 ipv4.ignore-auto-routes: no
46 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns: no
47 ipv4.dhcp-client-id: --
48 ipv4.dhcp-timeout: 0
49 ipv4.dhcp-send-hostname: yes
50 ipv4.dhcp-hostname: --
51 ipv4.dhcp-fqdn: --
52 ipv4.never-default: no
53 ipv4.may-fail: yes
54 ipv4.dad-timeout: -1 (default)
55ipv6.method: auto
56ipv6.dns:
57 ipv6.dns-search:
58 ipv6.dns-options: (default)
59 ipv6.dns-priority: 0
60ipv6.addresses:
61 ipv6.gateway: --
62ipv6.routes:
63 ipv6.route-metric: -1
64 ipv6.ignore-auto-routes: no
65 ipv6.ignore-auto-dns: no
66 ipv6.never-default: no
67 ipv6.may-fail: yes
68 ipv6.ip6-privacy: -1 (unknown)
69 ipv6.addr-gen-mode: stable-privacy
70 ipv6.dhcp-send-hostname: yes
71 ipv6.dhcp-hostname: --
72 ipv6.token: --
73 [root@localhost ~]#
56.route：查看本机的路由信息
添加网关：
route add default gw [网关IP] dev [网卡名]
删除网关：
route add default gw [网关IP]
57.systemctl ：控制服务的启动停止。
systemctl [stop|start|restart] [服务名]
58.rpm：用于安装本地的rpm包。
用法rpm [选项] [参数]
-qa:查询系统已安装的所有软件包
-ivh：安装软件包
-qi：查询软件包信息
-ql：查询软件包中的文件
-qf：查看某个文件是那个rpm包产生的
-e：卸载rpm包
59.yum：centos/redhat/Fedora中的 软件包管理程序。
安装软件包：
yum install [软件包名]
删除软件包：
yum remove [软件包名]
查询软件包：
yum search [软件包名]
建立yum源缓存：
yum makecache
查看源列表：
yum repolist
安装软件包组：
yum groupinstall [软件包组名]
删除软件包组：
yum groupremove [软件包名]
清空yum缓存：
yum clean all
创建仓库：
createrepo [rpm包文件夹]
自定义repo文件，使用本地iso内的源：
1）编辑配置文件：vim /etc/yum.repos.d/iso.rpeo ，并移除其他所有的repo文件。
2）文件内容如下：
[name] //源名称，不允许包含空格
name=lcoal iso //源简介，随意填写
baseurl=file:///media //源地址，支持http、ftp、file（本地文件）
gpgcheck=0 //是否校验，0不校验，1校验（需提供密钥文件）
enabled=1 //是否启用这个源，1启用，0不启用
3）确保本地iso挂载正确，baseurl填写的挂载点对。执行yum clean all 清空缓存。
4）执行yum makecache，建立缓存。
源码安装软件：
例如安装Python3.6.1：
1）从官网获取源码包：https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.1/Python-3.6.1.tgz
2）解压Python-3.6.1.tgz。
1 [root@localhost Downloads]# tar xvf Python-3.6.1.tgz
3)进入解压出的目录执行：./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python36 ，--prefix参数用于指定安装目录。
1 [root@localhost Python-3.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python36
4）通过检查之后执行make && make install,如报错请查询错误原因解决。
1 [root@localhost Python-3.6.1]# make && make install
5）进入安装目录,执行./python3，正确执行安装完毕。想在系统任何位置调用Python就添加路径变量到系统就行。
[root@localhost bin]# cd /usr/local/python36/ [root@localhost python36]# lsbin include lib share [root@localhost python36]# cd bin/ [root@localhost bin]# ls 2to3 easy_install-3.6 idle3.6 pip3.6 pydoc3.6 python3.6 python3.6m python3-config pyvenv-3.6 2to3-3.6 idle3 pip3 pydoc3 python3 python3.6-config python3.6m-config pyvenv [root@localhost bin]# ./python3 Python 3.6.1 (default, May 31 2017, 01:22:32) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11)] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits"or"license"for more information. >>> exit() [root@localhost bin]#
原文：http://www.cnblogs.com/ldsly/p/6920939.html
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